project
Project data onto lines or great circles, or generate tracks
Synopsis
gmt project [ table ] -Ccx/cy [ -Aazimuth ] [ -Ebx/by ] [ -Fflags ] [ -Gdist[unit][/colat][+c][+h][+n] ] [ -L[w|lmin/lmax] ] [ -N ] [ -Q ] [ -S ] [ -Tpx/py ] [ -V[level] ] [ -Wwmin/wmax ] [ -Zmajor[unit][/minor/azimuth][+e] ] [ -bbinary ] [ -dnodata[+ccol] ] [ -eregexp ] [ -fflags ] [ -ggaps ] [ -hheaders ] [ -iflags ] [ -oflags ] [ -qflags ] [ -sflags ] [ -:[i|o] ] [ --PAR=value ]
Note: No space is allowed between the option flag and the associated arguments.
Description
project reads arbitrary (\(x\), \(y\) [,z]) data from standard input [or table] and writes to standard output any combination of (\(x, y\), z, \(p, q, r, s\)), where (\(p, q\)) are the coordinates in the projection, (\(r, s\)) is the position in the (\(x, y\)) coordinate system of the point on the profile (\(q = 0\) path) closest to (\(x, y\)), and z is all remaining columns in the input (beyond the required \(x\) and \(y\) columns).
Alternatively, project may be used to generate (\(r,s,p\)) triplets at equal increments dist along a profile using -G. In this case, no input is read.
Projections are defined in one of three ways:
By a center (cx/cy) using -C and an azimuth in degrees clockwise from North using -A.
By a center (cx/cy) (e.g., start point) using -C and end point (bx/by) of the projection path using -E.
By a center (cx/cy) using -C and a rotation pole position (px/py) using -T (not allowed when a Cartesian transformation is set by -N).
To spherically project data along a great circle path, an oblique coordinate system is created which has its equator along that path, and the zero meridian through cx/cy. Then the oblique longitude (\(p\)) corresponds to the distance from cx/cy along the great circle, and the oblique latitude (q) corresponds to the distance perpendicular to the great circle path. When moving in the increasing (\(p\)) direction, (in the direction set by -Aazimuth ), the positive (\(q\)) direction is to the left. If a pole has been specified by -T, then the positive (q) direction is toward the pole.
To specify an oblique projection, use the -T option to set the pole. Then the equator of the projection is already determined and the -C option is used to locate the \(p = 0\) meridian. The center cx/cy will be taken as a point through which the \(p = 0\) meridian passes. If you do not care to choose a particular point, use the South pole (cx = 0, cy = -90).
Data can be selectively windowed by using the -L and -W options. If -W is used, the projection width is set to use only points with \(w_{min} < q < w_{max}\). If -L is set, then the length is set to use only those points with \(l_{min} < p < l_{max}\). If the -E option has been used to define the projection, then -Lw may be selected to window the length of the projection to exactly the span from the center (-C) to to the endpoint (-E).
Flat Earth (Cartesian) coordinate transformations can also be made. Set -N and remember that azimuth is clockwise from North (the \(y\) axis), not the usual cartesian theta, which is counterclockwise from the \(x\) axis. (i.e., \(azimuth = 90 - theta\)).
No assumptions are made regarding the units for \(x, y, r, s, p, q\), dist, \(l_{min}, l_{max}, w_{min}, w_{max}\). However, if -Q is selected, map units are assumed and \(x, y, r, s\), must be in degrees and \(p, q\), dist, \(l_{min}, l_{max}, w_{min}, w_{max}\) will be in km.
Calculations of specific great-circle and geodesic distances or for back-azimuths or azimuths are better done using mapproject as project is strictly spherical.
Explanation of the coordinate system utilized by project. The input point (red circle) is given in the original x-y (or lon-lat) coordinate system and is projected to the p-q coordinate system, defined by the center (C) and either the end-point (E) or azimuth (\(\alpha\)), or for geographic data a rotation pole T (not shown). The blue point has projected coordinates (p,0) and is reported as (r,s) in the original coordinate system. Options -L (limit range of p) and -W (limit range of q) can be used to exclude data outside the specified limits (light gray area).
Required Arguments
- table
One or more ASCII (or binary, see -bi[ncols][type]) data table file(s) holding a number of data columns. If no tables are given then we read from standard input.
Optional Arguments
- -Aazimuth
Set the azimuth of the projection. The azimuth is clockwise from North (the \(y\) axis) regardless of whether spherical or Cartesian coordinate transformation is applied.
- -Ebx/by
Set the end point bx/by of the projection path.
- -Fflags
Specify the desired output using any combination of xypqrsz in any order, where (\(p, q\)) are the coordinates in the projection, (\(r, s\)) is the position in the (\(x, y\)) coordinate system of the point on the profile (\(q = 0\) path) closest to (\(x, y\)), and z is all remaining columns in the input (beyond the required \(x\) and \(y\) columns). [Default is xypqrsz]. If output format is ASCII then z also includes any trailing text (which is placed at the end of the record regardless of the order of z in flags). Use lower case and do not add spaces between the letters. Note: If -G is selected, then the output order is set to be rsp and -F is not allowed.
- -Gdist[unit][/colat][+c][+h][+n]
Create (r, s, p) output points every dist units of p, assuming all units are the same unless \(x, y, r, s\) are set to degrees using -Q. No input is read when -G is used. See Units for selecting geographic distance units [km]. The following directives and modifiers are supported:
Optionally, append /colat for a small circle instead [Default is a colatitude of 90, i.e., a great circle]. Note, when using -C and -E to generate a circle that goes through the center and end point, the center and end point cannot be farther apart than \(2|colat|\).
Optionally, append +c when using -T to calculate the colatitude that will lead to the small circle going through the center cx/cy.
Optionally, append +h to report the position of the pole as part of the segment header when using -T [Default is no header].
Optionally, append +n to indicate a desired number of points rather than an increment. Requires -C and -E or -Z so that a length can be computed.
- -L[w|lmin/lmax]
Specify length controls for the projected points. Project only those points whose p coordinate is within \(l_{min} < p < l_{max}\). If -E has been set, then you may alternatively use -Lw to stay within the distance from cx/cy to bx/by.
- -N
Specify the Flat Earth case (i.e., Cartesian coordinate transformation in the plane). [Default uses spherical trigonometry.]
- -Q
Specify that \(x\), \(y\), r, s are in degrees while p, q, dist, lmin, lmax, wmin, wmax are in km. If -Q is not set, then all these are assumed to be in the same units.
- -S
Sort the output into increasing p order. Useful when projecting random data into a sequential profile.
- -Tpx/py
Set the position of the rotation pole of the projection as px/py.
- -V[level]
Select verbosity level [w]. (See full description) (See technical reference).
- -Wwmin/wmax
Specify width controls for the projected points. Project only those points whose q coordinate is within \(w_{min} < q < w_{max}\).
- -Zmajor[unit][/minor/azimuth][+e]
Create the coordinates of an ellipse with major and minor axes given in km (unless -N is given for a Cartesian ellipse) and the azimuth of the major axis in degrees; used in conjunction with -C (sets its center) and -G (sets the distance increment). Note: For the Cartesian ellipse (which requires -N), we expect direction counter-clockwise from the horizontal instead of an azimuth. A geographic major may be specified in any desired unit [Default is km] by appending the unit (e.g., 3d for degrees); if so we assume the minor axis and the increment are also given in the same unit (see Units). For degenerate ellipses you can just supply a single diameter instead. The following modifiers are supported:
Append +e to adjust the increment set via -G so that the ellipse has equal distance increments [Default uses the given increment and closes the ellipse].
- -birecord[+b|l] (more …)
Select native binary format for primary table input. [Default is 2 input columns].
- -borecord[+b|l] (more …)
Select native binary format for table output. [Default is given by -F or -G].
- -d[i|o][+ccol]nodata (more …)
Replace input columns that equal nodata with NaN and do the reverse on output.
- -e[~]“pattern” | -e[~]/regexp/[i] (more …)
Only accept data records that match the given pattern.
- -f[i|o]colinfo (more …)
Specify data types of input and/or output columns.
- -gx|y|z|d|X|Y|Dgap[u][+a][+ccol][+n|p] (more …)
Determine data gaps and line breaks.
- -h[i|o][n][+c][+d][+msegheader][+rremark][+ttitle] (more …)
Skip or produce header record(s).
- -icols[+l][+ddivisor][+sscale|d|k][+ooffset][,…][,t[word]] (more …)
Select input columns and transformations (0 is first column, t is trailing text, append word to read one word only).
- -ocols[+l][+ddivisor][+sscale|d|k][+ooffset][,…][,t[word]] (more …)
Select output columns and transformations (0 is first column, t is trailing text, append word to write one word only).
- -q[i|o][~]rows|limits[+ccol][+a|t|s] (more …)
Select input or output rows or data limit(s) [all].
- -s[cols][+a][+r] (more …)
Set handling of NaN records for output.
- -:[i|o] (more …)
Swap 1st and 2nd column on input and/or output.
Units
For map distance unit, append unit d for arc degree, m for arc minute, and s for arc second, or e for meter [Default unless stated otherwise], f for foot, k for km, M for statute mile, n for nautical mile, and u for US survey foot. We compute such distances using a spherical approximation with great circles using the authalic radius (see PROJ_MEAN_RADIUS).
- -^ or just -
Print a short message about the syntax of the command, then exit (Note: on Windows just use -).
- -+ or just +
Print an extensive usage (help) message, including the explanation of any module-specific option (but not the GMT common options), then exit.
- -? or no arguments
Print a complete usage (help) message, including the explanation of all options, then exit.
- --PAR=value
Temporarily override a GMT default setting; repeatable. See gmt.conf for parameters.
ASCII Format Precision
The ASCII output formats of numerical data are controlled by parameters in your gmt.conf file. Longitude and latitude are formatted according to FORMAT_GEO_OUT, absolute time is under the control of FORMAT_DATE_OUT and FORMAT_CLOCK_OUT, whereas general floating point values are formatted according to FORMAT_FLOAT_OUT. Be aware that the format in effect can lead to loss of precision in ASCII output, which can lead to various problems downstream. If you find the output is not written with enough precision, consider switching to binary output (-bo if available) or specify more decimals using the FORMAT_FLOAT_OUT setting.
Examples
Note: Below are some examples of valid syntax for this module.
The examples that use remote files (file names starting with @)
can be cut and pasted into your terminal for testing.
Other commands requiring input files are just dummy examples of the types
of uses that are common but cannot be run verbatim as written.
To project the remote data sets ship_03.txt (lon, lat, depth) onto a great circle specified by the center (330,-18) and rotation pole (53,21) and sort the records on the projected distances along that circle and only output the distance and the depths, try:
gmt project @ship_03.txt -C330/-18 -T53/21 -S -Fpz -Q > ship_proj.txt
To generate points every 10 km along a great circle from 10N,50W to 30N,10W:
gmt project -C-50/10 -E-10/30 -G10 -Q > great_circle_points.xyp
(Note that great_circle_points.xyp could now be used as input for grdtrack, etc. ).
To generate points every 1 degree along a great circle from 30N,10W with azimuth 30 and covering a full 360, try:
gmt project -C10W/30N -A30 -G1 -L-180/180 > great_circle.txt
To generate points every 10 km along a small circle of colatitude 60 from 10N,50W to 30N,10W:
gmt project -C-50/10 -E-10/30 -G10/60 -Q > small_circle_points.xyp
To create a partial small circle of colatitude 80 about a pole at 40E,85N, with extent of 45 degrees to either side of the meridian defined by the great circle from the pole to a point 15E,15N, try
gmt project -C15/15 -T40/85 -G1/80 -L-45/45 > some_circle.xyp
To generate points approximately every 10 km along an ellipse centered on (30W,70N) with major axis of 1500 km with azimuth of 30 degree and a minor axis of 600 km, try
gmt project -C-30/70 -G10 -Z1500/600/30+e -Q > ellipse.xyp
To project the shiptrack gravity, magnetics, and bathymetry in c2610.xygmb along a great circle through an origin at 30S, 30W, the great circle having an azimuth of N20W at the origin, keeping only the data from NE of the profile and within ±500 km of the origin, run:
gmt project c2610.xygmb -C-30/-30 -A-20 -W-10000/0 -L-500/500 -Fpz -Q > c2610_projected.pgmb
(Note in this example that -W-10000/0 is used to admit any value with a large negative q coordinate. This will take those points which are on our right as we walk along the great circle path, or to the NE in this example.)
To make a Cartesian coordinate transformation of mydata.xy so that the new origin is at 5,3 and the new \(x\) axis (p) makes an angle of 20 degrees with the old \(x\) axis, use:
gmt project mydata.xy -C5/3 -A70 -Fpq > mydata.pq
To take data in the file pacific.lonlat and transform it into oblique coordinates using a pole from the hotspot reference frame and placing the oblique zero meridian (p = 0 line) through Tahiti, run:
gmt project pacific.lonlat -T-75/68 -C-149:26/-17:37 -Fpq > pacific.pq
Suppose that pacific_topo.nc is a grid file of bathymetry, and you want to make a file of flowlines in the hotspot reference frame. If you run:
gmt grd2xyz pacific_topo.nc | gmt project -T-75/68 -C0/-90 -Fxyq | gmt xyz2grd -Retc -Ietc -Cflow.nc
then flow.nc is a file in the same area as pacific_topo.nc, but flow contains the latitudes about the pole of the projection. You now can use grdcontour on flow.nc to draw lines of constant oblique latitude, which are flow lines in the hotspot frame.
If you have an arbitrarily rotation pole px/py and you would like to draw an oblique small circle on a map, you will first need to make a file with the oblique coordinates for the small circle (i.e., lon = 0-360, lat is constant), then create a file with two records: the north pole (0/90) and the origin (0/0), and find what their oblique coordinates are using your rotation pole. Now, use the projected North pole and origin coordinates as the rotation pole and center, respectively, and project your file as in the pacific example above. This gives coordinates for an oblique small circle.