# grdfilter¶

Filter a grid in the space (or time) domain

## Synopsis¶

gmt grdfilter ingrid -Ddistance_flag -Fxwidth[/width2][modifiers] -Goutgrid [ -Iincrement ] [ -Ni|p|r ] [ -Rregion ] [ -T ] [ -V[level] ] [ -fflags ] [ --PAR=value ]

Note: No space is allowed between the option flag and the associated arguments.

## Description¶

grdfilter will filter a grid file in the time domain using one of the selected convolution or non-convolution isotropic or rectangular filters and compute distances using Cartesian or Spherical geometries. The output grid file can optionally be generated as a sub-region of the input (via -R) and/or with new increment (via -I) or registration (via -T). In this way, one may have “extra space” in the input data so that the edges will not be used and the output can be within one half-width of the input edges. If the filter is low-pass, then the output may be less frequently sampled than the input.

## Required Arguments¶

ingrid
The grid file of points to be filtered. (See GRID FILE FORMATS below).
-Ddistance_flag

Distance flag tells how grid (x,y) relates to filter width as follows:

flag = p: grid (px,py) with width an odd number of pixels; Cartesian distances.

flag = 0: grid (x,y) same units as width, Cartesian distances.

flag = 1: grid (x,y) in degrees, width in kilometers, Cartesian distances.

flag = 2: grid (x,y) in degrees, width in km, dx scaled by cos(middle y), Cartesian distances.

The above options are fastest because they allow weight matrix to be computed only once. The next three options are slower because they recompute weights for each latitude.

flag = 3: grid (x,y) in degrees, width in km, dx scaled by cosine(y), Cartesian distance calculation.

flag = 4: grid (x,y) in degrees, width in km, Spherical distance calculation.

flag = 5: grid (x,y) in Mercator -Jm1 img units, width in km, Spherical distance calculation.

-Fxwidth[/width2][modifiers]

Sets the filter type. Choose among convolution and non-convolution filters. Use any filter code x (listed below) followed by the full diameter width. This gives an isotropic filter; append /width2 for a rectangular filter (requires -Dp or -D0). By default we perform low-pass filtering; append +h to select high-pass filtering. Some filters allow for optional arguments and modifiers.

Convolution filters (and their codes) are:

(b) Boxcar: All weights are equal.

(c) Cosine Arch: Weights follow a cosine arch curve.

(g) Gaussian: Weights are given by the Gaussian function, where width is 6 times the conventional Gaussian sigma.

(f) Custom: Weights are given by the precomputed values in the filter weight grid file weight, which must have odd dimensions; also requires -D0 and output spacing must match input spacing or be integer multiples.

(o) Operator: Weights are given by the precomputed values in the filter weight grid file weight, which must have odd dimensions; also requires -D0 and output spacing must match input spacing or be integer multiples. Weights are assumed to sum to zero so no accumulation of weight sums and normalization will be done.

Non-convolution filters (and their codes) are:

(m) Median: Returns median value. To select another quantile append +qquantile in the 0-1 range [Default is 0.5, i.e., median].

(p) Maximum likelihood probability (a mode estimator): Return modal value. If more than one mode is found we return their average value. Append +l or +u if you rather want to return the lowermost or uppermost of the modal values.

(h) Histogram mode (another mode estimator): Return the modal value as the center of the dominant peak in a histogram. Append /binwidth to specify the binning interval. Use modifier +c to center the bins on multiples of binwidth [Default has bin edges that are multiples of binwidth]. If more than one mode is found we return their average value. Append +l or +u if you rather want to return the lowermost or uppermost of the modal values.

(l) Lower: Return the minimum of all values.

(L) Lower: Return minimum of all positive values only.

(u) Upper: Return maximum of all values.

(U) Upper: Return maximum or all negative values only.

In the case of L|U it is possible that no data passes the initial sign test; in that case the filter will return NaN.

-Goutgrid
outgrid is the output grid file of the filter. (See GRID FILE FORMATS below).

## Optional Arguments¶

-Ixinc[unit][+e|n][/yinc[unit][+e|n]]
x_inc [and optionally y_inc] is the grid spacing. Optionally, append a suffix modifier. Geographical (degrees) coordinates: Append m to indicate arc minutes or s to indicate arc seconds. If one of the units e, f, k, M, n or u is appended instead, the increment is assumed to be given in meter, foot, km, Mile, nautical mile or US survey foot, respectively, and will be converted to the equivalent degrees longitude at the middle latitude of the region (the conversion depends on PROJ_ELLIPSOID). If y_inc is given but set to 0 it will be reset equal to x_inc; otherwise it will be converted to degrees latitude. All coordinates: If +e is appended then the corresponding max x (east) or y (north) may be slightly adjusted to fit exactly the given increment [by default the increment may be adjusted slightly to fit the given domain]. Finally, instead of giving an increment you may specify the number of nodes desired by appending +n to the supplied integer argument; the increment is then recalculated from the number of nodes and the domain. The resulting increment value depends on whether you have selected a gridline-registered or pixel-registered grid; see GMT File Formats for details. Note: if -Rgrdfile is used then the grid spacing has already been initialized; use -I to override the values.
-Ni|p|r
Determine how NaN-values in the input grid affects the filtered output: Append i to ignore all NaNs in the calculation of filtered value [Default], r is same as i except if the input node was NaN then the output node will be set to NaN (only applies if both grids are co-registered), and p which will force the filtered value to be NaN if any grid-nodes with NaN-values are found inside the filter circle.
-R
west, east, south, and north defines the Region of the output points. [Default: Same as input.]
-T
Toggle the node registration for the output grid so as to become the opposite of the input grid [Default gives the same registration as the input grid].
-V[level] (more …)
Select verbosity level [c].
-f[i|o]colinfo (more …)
Specify data types of input and/or output columns.
-^ or just -
Print a short message about the syntax of the command, then exits (NOTE: on Windows just use -).
-+ or just +
Print an extensive usage (help) message, including the explanation of any module-specific option (but not the GMT common options), then exits.
-? or no arguments
Print a complete usage (help) message, including the explanation of all options, then exits.
--PAR=value
Temporarily override a GMT default setting; repeatable. See gmt.conf for parameters.

## Grid File Formats¶

By default GMT writes out grid as single precision floats in a COARDS-complaint netCDF file format. However, GMT is able to produce grid files in many other commonly used grid file formats and also facilitates so called “packing” of grids, writing out floating point data as 1- or 2-byte integers. (more …)

## Geographical And Time Coordinates¶

When the output grid type is netCDF, the coordinates will be labeled “longitude”, “latitude”, or “time” based on the attributes of the input data or grid (if any) or on the -f or -R options. For example, both -f0x -f1t and -R90w/90e/0t/3t will result in a longitude/time grid. When the x, y, or z coordinate is time, it will be stored in the grid as relative time since epoch as specified by TIME_UNIT and TIME_EPOCH in the gmt.conf file or on the command line. In addition, the unit attribute of the time variable will indicate both this unit and epoch.

## Examples¶

Suppose that north_pacific_etopo5.nc is a file of 5 minute bathymetry from 140E to 260E and 0N to 50N, and you want to find the medians of values within a 300km radius (600km full width) of the output points, which you choose to be from 150E to 250E and 10N to 40N, and you want the output values every 0.5 degree. Using spherical distance calculations, you need:

gmt grdfilter north_pacific_etopo5.nc -Gfiltered_pacific.nc -Fm600 \
-D4 -R150/250/10/40 -I0.5 -V


If we instead wanted a high-pass result then one can perform the corresponding low-pass filter using a coarse grid interval as grdfilter will resample the result to the same resolution as the input grid so we can compute the residuals, e.g.,

gmt grdfilter north_pacific_etopo5.nc -Gresidual_pacific.nc -Fm600+h \
-D4 -R150/250/10/40 -I0.5 -V


Here, the residual_pacific.nc grid will have the same 5 minute resolution as the original.

To filter the dataset in ripples.nc using a custom anisotropic Gaussian filter exp (-0.5*r^2) whose distances r from the center is given by (2x^2 + y^2 -2xy)/6, with major axis at an angle of 63 degrees with the horizontal, try

gmt grdmath -R-10/10/-10/10 -I1 X 2 POW 2 MUL Y 2 POW ADD X Y MUL 2 MUL \
SUB 6 DIV NEG 2 DIV EXP DUP SUM DIV = gfilter.nc
gmt grdfilter ripples.nc -Ffgfilter.nc -D0 -Gsmooth.nc -V


## Limitations¶

1. To use the -D5 option the input Mercator grid must be created by img2mercgrd using the -C option so the origin of the y-values is the Equator (i.e., x = y = 0 correspond to lon = lat = 0).
2. If the new x_inc, y_inc set with -I are NOT integer multiples of the increments in the input data, filtering will be considerably slower. [Default increments: Same as input.]